Mr. Neville directs the Waterloo, Ontario office of S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc. His primary area of expertise is the quantitative analysis of groundwater flow and solute transport. He has synthesized hydrogeologic data, evaluated groundwater resources, developed regional and site-scale analyses of groundwater flow and solute transport, and analyzed and designed remedial measures. He has developed and documented large-scale three-dimensional numerical models for industrial, mining, and government clients. He has extensive experience in the development of work plans for groundwater projects and in directing groundwater modeling studies.

Mr. Neville serves as a senior peer reviewer and provides technical support for litigation. He is actively involved in the development of professional short courses in the interpretation of pumping tests and groundwater modeling, and he has assisted in teaching graduate courses at the University of Waterloo.

EDUCATION
  • MSc, Earth Sciences (Hydrogeology), University of Waterloo, 1992
  • MEng, Course work for Geotechnical Engineering, University of Alberta, 1985–1987
  • BEng, Civil Engineering, McGill University, 1985
REGISTRATION

Professional Engineer:

  • Ontario No. 100013705
  • Manitoba No. 48048
AREAS OF EXPERTISE
  • Quantitative Interpretation of Hydrogeologic Data
  • Groundwater Flow Modeling
  • Solute Transport Modeling
  • Peer Review
  • Litigation Support and Expert Testimony
  • Professional Instruction
AWARDS AND HONORS
  • Citation for Leadership Recognition, National Ground Water Association: 2018
  • Graduate Scholarship, University of Waterloo: 1990
  • Citation for Reviewing Excellence, Water Resources Research: 2005
APPOINTMENTS
  • 2004: Editor of the journal Groundwater Historical Perspectives Section
  • 2007 – 2018: Kitchener-Waterloo Hydrogeology Seminar Series, co-chair
  • 2016 – 2017: National Ground Water Association, co-chair of the Groundwater Advisory Panel Group #2 (Stepwise modeling)
  • 2015: International Association of Hydrogeologists – Canadian National Chapter, co technical chair of the IAH-CNC Waterloo 2015 Hydrogeology Conference
  • 2010 – 2013: Canadian Geotechnical Society, Chair of the Hydrogeology Division
  • 2006 – 2008: University of Waterloo, Department of Earth Sciences, Adjunct Lecturer
  • 1999 – 2009: International Association of Hydrogeologists, Canadian National Chapter, Vice-President
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
  • International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH)
  • National Ground Water Association (NGWA)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
  • International Mine Water Association (IMWA)
  • Canadian Dam Association (CDA)
  • Tunnelling Association of Canada (TAC)
REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS
OTIS AFB MMR Fate-and-Transport Analysis, Modeling, and Remedy Design2024-10-22T15:37:03+00:00

OTIS AFB MMR Fate-and-Transport Analysis, Modeling, and Remedy Design

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West Lake Landfill Site2024-10-30T17:11:16+00:00
West Lake Landfill Site RIM Figure

West Lake Landfill Site

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Regional Municipality of Durham Groundwater Modeling Update2024-10-09T18:59:55+00:00
Regional Municipality of Durham Groundwater Modeling Update figure

Regional Municipality of Durham Groundwater Modeling Update

Biggars Lane Landfill2024-10-09T18:34:42+00:00
Biggars Lane Landfill Operation Timeline chart

Biggars Lane Landfill

Hyde Park Landfill – Remedial Action Assessment and Modeling2024-10-02T14:33:41+00:00

Hyde Park Landfill – Remedial Action Assessment and Modeling

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Castle East Mine2024-10-01T19:20:17+00:00

Castle East Mine

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PUBLICATIONS, PRESENTATIONS, and GROUNDWATER MODELING SOFTWARE

  • Bedekar, V., C. Neville, M.J. Tonkin, R.D. Bartlett, and P. Plato, 2024. A Unit Concentration Method to Quantify Source Contribution, Groundwater, vol. 62, no. 2: 303-309. doi:10.1111/gwat.13333

  • Henry, J.C., C.J. Neville, and A.N. Olson, 2024. Estimation of Aquifer Transmissivity from Analysis of Long-Term Monitoring with the Thiem Solution, Groundwater, vol. 62, no. 2: 295-302. doi: 10.1111/gwat.13332

  • Neville, C.J., 2022: Alternative Interpretation of the Pressure Front Displacement Pulse for Pumping Tests in Confined Aquifers, Hydrological Processes, v. 36, no. 10: e14744.

  • Neville, C.J., 2021. Significance and Interpretation of Recovery Analysis, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Geotechnical, Geology, & Materials Community of Practice Groundwater Working Committee webinar, November 15, 2021.

  • Neville, C.J, and C.B. Andrews, 2020. Containment of Sources of Groundwater Contamination: Analysis of Mass Fluxes, Groundwater, v. 58, no. 2, pp. 183-188.

  • Open Excavation Flow Calculator, 2020. Analytical Solutions for Estimating Groundwater Inflows to Open Excavations. S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

  • Priebe, E.H., F.R. Brunton, D.L. Rudolph, C.J. Neville, 2019. Geologic Controls on Hydraulic Conductivity in a Karst Influenced Carbonate Bedrock Groundwater System in Southern Ontario, Canada, Hydrogeology Journal, v. 27, no. 4, pp. 1291 1308.

  • Wang, X., and C.J. Neville, 2019. A Semi Analytical Solution for the Transport of Solutes with Complex Sequences of First Order Reactions, Computers and Geosciences, v. 123, pp. 121-136.

  • Priebe, E.H., F.R. Brunton, D.L. Rudolph, and C.J. Neville, 2019. Geological Controls on Hydraulic Conductivity in a Karst Influenced Paleozoic Carbonate Groundwater System, Southern Ontario, Canada, in Proceedings of 46th International Association of Hydrogeologists Congress, September 23 – 26, 2019, Malaga, Spain.

  • Neville, C.J., 2019. Implications of Long Open Interval Wells at Fractured Rock Sites, University of Guelph, June 22, 2019.

  • Neville, C.J., 2019. Interpretation of Non Textbook Slug Tests, Jacobs Engineering Group, May 10, 2019.

  • Neville, C.J. and X. Wang, 2018. Analysis of Solute Transport from a Source with Finite Leachable Mass, Groundwater, v. 56, no. 6, pp. 1002-1006.

  • Neville, C.J., R.E. Jackson, and R.W.D. Killey, 2018. Peter J. Parsons: Pioneer of Contaminant Hydrogeology, Hydrogeology Journal, v. 26, no. 2, pp. 665-672.

  • Priebe, E.H., C.J. Neville, D.L. Rudolph, 2018. Enhancing the Spatial Coverage of a Regional High Quality Hydraulic Conductivity Dataset with Estimates Made from Domestic Water Well Specific Capacity Tests, Hydrogeology Journal, v. 26, pp. 395-405.

  • SSA, 2018. Analytical Solution to Contaminant Transport in Vadose Zone and Saturated Zone Using Microsoft Excel. S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

  • Neville, C.J., 2017. Discussion of “Automatic Estimation of Aquifer Parameters Using Long-Term Water Supply Pumping”, Hydrogeology Journal, v. 25, pp. 2207-2209.

  • Priebe, E.H., C.J. Neville, and F.R. Brunton, 2017. Discrete, High Quality Hydraulic Conductivity Estimates for the Early Silurian Carbonates of the Guelph Region, Ontario Geological Survey, Groundwater Resources Study 16, 50 p.

  • Bean, D., C. Neville, J. Hermance, C. McLane, and J. Van Dyke, 2017. White Paper on Groundwater Modeling: A Stepwise Approach to Groundwater Modeling, NGWA Groundwater Modeling Advisory Panel, National Ground Water Association.

  • Wang, X, and C.J. Neville, 2017. Response to Pumping in a Two Aquifer System, in Proceedings of GeoOttawa 2017, 7 p.

  • Priebe, E.H., C.J. Neville, and D.L. Rudolph, 2017. Improving the Spatial Density of a Regional Hydraulic Conductivity Dataset with Estimates Made from Domestic Water Well Information (abstract), in Regional Scale Groundwater Geoscience in Southern Ontario: An Ontario Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Canada, and Conservation Ontario Open House, Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8212, p. 29.

  • Neville, C., and V. Bedekar, 2016. Chapter 17: Simulation of Flow and Transport in Fractured Rocks: An Approach for Practitioners. in Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management. M. Thangarajan and V.P. Singh, eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 269-282.

  • DECAY, 2016. User’s Guide for DECAY, Analytical Solution for One Dimensional Solute Transport with Multispecies Subject to First-Order Decay Reactions. S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

  • Priebe, E., C. Neville, and F. Brunton, 2015. Evaluating the Influence of Regional Stratigraphic Architecture on Hydraulic Conductivity Variability in Early Silurian Carbonate Rock Aquifers, Guelph Region, Southern Ontario (abstract), in Proceedings of Waterloo 2015, International Association of Hydrogeologists – Canadian National Chapter, October 29, 2015, Waterloo, Ontario.

  • Wang, X., and C. Neville, 2015. Benchmarking mod PATH3DU for Complex Problems, in Proceedings of MODFLOW and More 2015: Modeling a Complex World, IGWMC, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 5 p.

  • Muffels, C., X. Wang, M. Tonkin, and C. Neville, 2015. mod PATH3DU: A Groundwater Path and Travel Time Simulator for Both Unstructured Grid (USG) and Structured Grid Versions of MODFLOW, in Proceedings of MODFLOW and More 2015: Modeling a Complex World, IGWMC, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 4 p.

  • Priebe, E.H., C.J. Neville, and F.R. Brunton, 2014. Evaluating the Influence of Geological Features on Hydraulic Conductivity Variability in Early Silurian Carbonate Rock Aquifers of the Guelph Region, in Summary of Field Work and Other Activities, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6300, pp. 35-1 to 35-8.

  • Neville, C.J., 2014. Interpretation of Pumping Tests in Real Aquifers, McGill University, May 20, 2014.

  • Travel Time to Wells in Carbonate Rocks in Southern Ontario, University of Guelph, December 5, 2013.

  • Neville, C., 2013. Discussion of “A Constant-Head Pumping Test Method Using Direct-Push Equipment for In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity Measurements”, Géotechnique, v. 63, no. 6, pp. 525-527.

  • Neville, C., 2013. Discussion of “Shape Factors of Cylindrical Piezometers in Uniform Soil”, Groundwater, v. 51, no. 2, pp. 168-169.

  • Neville, C., 2013. Discussion of “Estimation of Degradation Rates by Satisfying Mass Balance at the Inlet”, Groundwater, v. 51, no. 1, p. 8.

  • Zhang, J., and C.J. Neville, 2013. Identification of Topographically Controlled Groundwater Systems, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Regional Groundwater Flow: Theory, Applications and Future Development, June 21-23, 2013, Xi’an, China, pp. 143-146.

  • Bedekar, V., C. Neville, and M. Tonkin, 2012. Source Screening Module for Contaminant Transport Analysis Through Vadose and Saturated Zones. Ground Water, v. 50, no. 6, pp. 954-958.

  • Neville, C., and G. van der Kamp, 2012. Using Recovery Data to Extend the Effective Duration of Pumping Tests. Ground Water, v. 50, no. 5, pp. 804-807.

  • Khambhammettu, P., C.J. Neville, and M.J. Tonkin, 2011. Analysis of the Migration of Bio-Amended Water through the Vadose Zone for In-Situ Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium, in MODFLOW and MORE 2011, June 7, 2011, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Golden, CO.

  • Khambhammettu, P., C.J. Neville, and M.J. Tonkin, 2011. An Analysis of Migration of Bio-Amended Water for In-Situ Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium Through the Vadose Zone (Abstract), in Proceedings of 2011 Ground Water Summit, National Ground Water Association, May 2, 2011.

  • Neville, C.J., 2011. Conceptual Models for Groundwater Flow in Carbonate Rocks, International Association of Hydrogeologists – Canadian National Chapter, Toronto, Ontario, May 5, 2011.

  • Neville, C., and J. Zhang, 2010. Benchmark Analysis of Solute Transport with Multiaquifer Wells. Ground Water, v. 48, no. 6, pp. 884-891.

  • Bedekar, V., C.J. Neville, and M.J. Tonkin, 2010. Analysis of Contaminant Transport through the Vadose and Saturated Zones for Source Screening, in Proceedings of Fall Meeting 2010, American Geophysical Union, Abstract No. H53C-1059 and poster.

  • Neville, C.J. and G. van der Kamp, 2009. A General Method for Using Recovery Data for Pumping Tests in Complex Hydrogeological Settings, in Proceedings of GeoHalifax 2009: 62nd Canadian Geotechnical Conference & 10th Joint CGS/IAH-CNC Groundwater Conference, September 20–24, 2009, Halifax, Canada, 7 p.

  • Neville, C.J., 2009. Contaminant Isolation by Cutoff Walls: Reconsideration of Mass Fluxes, in Proceedings of GeoHalifax 2009: 62nd Canadian Geotechnical Conference & 10th Joint CGS/IAH-CNC Groundwater Conference, September 20-24, 2009, Halifax, Canada, 7 p.

  • Neville, C.J., and G. van der Kamp, 2009. A General Method for Using Recovery Data for Pumping Tests in Complex Hydrogeological Settings, GeoHalifax 2009: 62nd Canadian Geotechnical Conference & 10th Joint CGS/IAH-CNC Groundwater Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, September 20–24, 2009.

  • Neville, C.J., 2009. Contaminant Isolation by Cutoff Walls: Reconsideration of Mass Fluxes. GeoHalifax 2009: 62nd Canadian Geotechnical Conference & 10th Joint CGS/IAH-CNC Groundwater Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, September 20–24, 2009.

  • Neville, C. J., 2008. Flow in Fractured Rock: Implications of Long Open Interval Wells. Presentation at the Kitchener-Waterloo Hydrogeology Seminar Series, March 5, 2008.

  • Neville, C., and J. Zhang, 2008. Benchmark Analyses of Solute Transport with Multi-Aquifer Wells, in Proceedings of MODFLOW and More 2008: Ground Water and Public Policy Conference, May 18-21, 2008, International Ground-Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, pp. 183-187.

  • Karanovic, M., C. Neville, and C. Andrews, 2007. BIOSCREEN-AT: BIOSCREEN with an Exact Analytical Solution. Ground Water, v. 45, no. 2, pp. 242-245.

  • Cohen, H., and C. Neville, 2006. Chapter 8: Fate, Transport, and Modeling of Perchlorate in Groundwater. in Perchlorate: A Scientific, Legal, and Economic Assessment. E. Hagstrom, ed. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, pp. 267-294.

  • Cohen, H.A., and C.J. Neville, 2006. Groundwater Flow to a Well, Chapter 14.3, in The Geoscience Handbook: AGI Data Sheets, Fourth edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia.

  • Neville, C., and C. Andrews, 2006. Containment Criterion for Contaminant Isolation by Cutoff Walls. Ground Water, v. 44, no. 5, September-October, pp. 682-686.

  • Neville, C.J., 2006. Rehabilitation of the Specified-Concentration Boundary Condition for Solute Transport, in Proceedings of MODFLOW and More 2006, Managing Ground-Water Systems, May 22-24, 2006, International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado, pp. 667-672.

  • Neville, C.J., 2006. Rehabilitation of the Specified-Concentration Boundary Condition for Solute Transport. MODFLOW and More 2006, Managing Ground-Water Systems, International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado, May 22-24, 2006.

  • Neville, C., and M. Tonkin, 2004. Modeling Multiaquifer Wells with MODFLOW. Ground Water, v. 42, no. 6, pp. 910-919.

  • Guyonnet, D., and C. Neville, 2004. Dimensionless Analysis of Two Analytical Solutions for 3-D Transport in Groundwater. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 75, pp. 141-153.

  • MPNE1D, 2004. MPNE1D Analytical Solution: User’s Guide, version 4.1. S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

  • Tsou, M.-S., K. Tu, J. Kool, C. Neville, and S. Young, 2003. Comparison of Three Numerical Simulation Models for Chain-Decay Transport Simulation at a Closed AFB in Texas, in Proceedings of MODFLOW 2003, September 17-19, 2003, International Groundwater Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 5 p.

  • Andrews, C., and C. Neville, 2003. Ground Water Flow in a Desert Basin: Challenges of Simulating Transport of Dissolved Chromium. Ground Water, v. 41, no. 2, pp. 219-226.

  • Neville, C.J., 2003. Contributions of Edward A. Sudicky in Analytical Solutions in Fractured-Porous Media. 2003 Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, Seattle, Washington, November 2–5, 2003.

  • Yager, R., and C. Neville, 2002. Review of “GFLOW 2000: An Analytical Element Ground Water Flow Modeling System.” Ground Water, v. 40, no. 6, November-December, pp. 574-576.

  • Neville, C., S. Sayko, M. Kuhl, R. Passmore, G. Luxbacher, M. Mateyk, J. Williams, and B. Trytten, 2002. Identification of Groundwater Flow Zones with Borehole Geophysics and Flowmeter Profiling, Hyde Park Landfill Site, Niagara Falls, New York. 2002 Fractured-Rock Aquifers Conference, National Ground Water Association, Denver, CO, March 2002.

  • Williams, J., C. Neville, J. Keizer, and G. Luxbacher, 2002. Characterization of Discrete Flow Zones by Packer Testing, Hyde Park Landfill Site, in Proceedings of 2002 National Ground Water Association (NGWA) Northeast FOCUS Ground Water Conference, October 3-4, 2002, Burlington, Vermont.

  • Sorel, D., C. Neville, M. Rafferty, K. Chiang, and C. Andrews, 2002. Hydraulic Containment Using Phytoremediation and a Barrier Wall to Prevent Arsenic Migration. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, May 20 23, 2002, Monterey, California, A. Gavaskar and A. Chen (eds), Battelle Press.

  • Neville, C., S. Sayko, M. Kuhl, R. Passmore, G. Luxbacher, M. Mateyk, J. Williams, and B. Trytten, 2002. Identification of Groundwater Flow Zones with Borehole Geophysics and Flowmeter Profiling, Hyde Park Landfill Site, Niagara Falls, New York, in Proceedings of 2002 Fractured-Rock Aquifers Conference, March 2002, National Ground Water Association, Denver, Colorado.

  • ONED, 2002. Analytical Solutions for One Dimensional Solute Transport for Type I and Type III Inflow Boundary Conditions (ONED_1, ONED_3, ONED_FL). S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

  • Andrews, C., and C. Neville, 2001. Groundwater Flow in a Desert Basin: Complexity and Controversy. in Proceedings of MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys, September 11 14, 2001, International Groundwater Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, pp. 770-775.

  • Neville, C., and M. Tonkin, 2001. Representation of Multiaquifer Wells in MODFLOW, in Proceedings of MODFLOW 2001 and Other Modeling Odysseys, September 11-14, 2001, International Groundwater Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, pp. 51-59.

  • Neville, C., and J. Markle, 2000. Interpretation of Constant-Head Tests: Rigorous and Approximate Analyses, in Proceedings of First Joint IAH-CNC/CGS Groundwater Specialty Conference, October 15-18, 2000, Montreal, Québec.

  • Cohen, H., M. Tonkin, and C. Neville, 2000. Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution in a Heterogeneous Glacial Sand Aquifer: Correlation between Estimates Based on Impeller Flow Meter Data and Grain-Size Distributions, Society for Sedimentary Geology / International Association of Sedimentologists (SEPM/IAS) Research Conference, Environmental Sedimentology: Hydrogeology of Sedimentary Aquifers, September 24-27, 2000, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

  • Neville, C., M. Ibaraki, and E. Sudicky, 2000. Solute Transport with Multiprocess Nonequilibrium: A Semi-Analytical Solution Approach. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 44, pp. 141-159.

  • Neville, C., M. Riley, and C. Zheng, 1998. Implicit Modeling of Low-Permeability Features: An Appraisal for Solute Transport, in Proceedings of MODFLOW ‘98 Conference, October 1998, International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado.

  • Guo, W., and C. Neville, 1998. Adaptation of MODFLOW for Transient Air Flow Simulation, in Proceedings of MODFLOW 98 Conference, October 1998, International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado.

  • ATRANS, 1998. Analytical Solutions for 3D Transport from a Patch Source. Version 2. S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

  • Neville, C., M. Riley, and C. Zheng, 1998. Implicit Modeling of Low-Permeability Features: An Appraisal for Solute Transport. MODFLOW ‘98 Conference, International Ground Water Modeling Center, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, October 1998.

  • ModIME, 1996. ModIME User’s Guide: An Integrated Modeling Environment for MODFLOW, PATH3D, and MT3D. Version 1.1. S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.

  • Guo, W., C. Neville, and C. Zheng, 1995. Numerical Simulation of Air Flow and Advective Transport Using MODFLOW. 1995 Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Baltimore, MD. Eos, v. 76, no. 17, S130.

  • Neville, C.J., 1994. Discussion of “Recommendations for Usage of SURFER to Gridding Model Results,” by. C. Shan and D.B. Stephens. Ground Water, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1037.

  • Neville, C., N. Guiguer, and M. Rivett, 1992. A Review of Batch Flush Models for Pump-and-Treat Remediation, Aquifer Restoration: Pump-and-Treat and the Alternatives, Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers 1992 Education Program, Las Vegas, Nevada.

  • Analytical Solutions for Transport with NAPL Sources, 1992. Technical Report (computer programs and documentation), Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research, Canada.

  • GA83, 1992. A Program for Computing the Effective Hydraulic Conductivity and Macrodispersivity Tensor for Three-Dimensionally Heterogeneous Aquifers Using the Stochastic Theory of Gelhar and Axness [1983]. Technical Report (computer program and documentation), Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research, Canada.

  • Hoog-A, 1992. Notes on the De Hoog Routine for the Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms: Analytical Solutions. Technical Report (computer program and documentation), Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research, Canada.

  • Hoog-D, 1992. Notes on the De Hoog Routine for the Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transforms: Discrete Numerical Solutions. Technical Report (computer program and documentation), Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research.

  • Neville, C.J., 1992. Contaminant Recovery Test Site: Summary of Geostatistical Analyses of Core Data. Technical Note, Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research.

  • Neville, C.J., 1992. An Analytical Solution for Solute Transport with Multiprocess Nonequilibrium Sorption. MSc. thesis: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Ontario.

  • Neville, C.J., 1991. A Numerical Study of Hydraulic Communication Around Packers in Uncased Boreholes. Prepared for Solinst Canada Ltd. Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research.

  • Kaiser, P., D. Chan, D. Tannant, F. Pelli, and C. Neville, 1987. Numerical Simulation of Room 209 Instrument Ring, Interim Technical Report. Prepared for Atomic Energy of Canada, Pinawa, Manitoba. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada.